In July 2009, Roy and Sheila Bowers refinanced the mortgage on their suburban ranch home in Topeka, Kansas. The couple wanted to take advantage of the low interest rates that were all the rage at the time. Roy, a truck driver, and Sheila, a former hotel housekeeping supervisor, knew their new loan from Wells Fargo would enable them to save $198.86 a month, a nice chunk to help with gas and groceries.
But what the Bowers never imagined was that their old loan, the one Wells Fargo told them was paid off, would resurrect itself, trashing their credit report, scotching their son's student loans and throwing the whole family into foreclosure. All, they say, even though they didn't miss a single mortgage payment.
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The Bowers are not alone. More homeowners are saying that mortgages they thought were dead and buried are springing back to life, sometimes haunting them all the way into foreclosure. "It's the most egregious manifestation of an industry that's seriously broken," said Ira Rheingold, a lawyer who is executive director of the National Association of Consumer Advocates.
Diane Thompson, an attorney with the National Consumer Law Center, says she’s defended hundreds of foreclosure cases, and in nearly all of them, the homeowner was not in default. "The problems grew from a lot of sloppy recordkeeping that began during the housing boom, when Wall Street built a quick-and-dirty back-office operation to process mortgages quickly so lenders could sell as many loans as possible. As the loans were later sold to investors, and then resold around the world, the back office system sidestepped crucial legal procedures.
Banks hired hair stylists, fast-food kids and Wal-Mart floor workers, to pose as bank vice presidents, assistant secretaries and corporate attorneys.
Now it's becoming clear just how dysfunctional and, according to several state attorneys general, how fraudulent the whole system was. Depositions from "affidavit slaves" depict a surreal, assembly-line world in which the banks and their partner firms hired hair stylists, fast-food kids and Wal-Mart floor workers, paying them $10 an hour to pose as bank vice presidents, assistant secretaries and corporate attorneys.
These "robo-signers" became a national sensation in the fall of 2010 when it was revealed that they faked titles, forged documents and backdated affidavits so they could make up for the bypassed procedures and foreclose on properties. They passed around notary stamps as if they were salt. They did all of this, they testified, without verifying a single word in any of the documents, as is required by law. And it was all done, they say, to foreclose on as many homeowners as fast as possible.
No one collects statistics on wrongful foreclosures, or how many people are facing the phantom mortgage debts. But as the industry enters its fifth year of unwinding its mortgage morass, consumer groups, homeowner attorneys and foreclosure-fraud investigators say they are seeing more cases where people who don't owe the banks a dime are getting ensnared in the same hell as those who have missed payments. They add that such problems are likely to intensify. Former industry employees have testified that they knowingly pushed through foreclosures on the wrong people.
It all casts a pall over a housing market in worse condition than it was during the Great Depression. By some estimates, 12.5 percent of U.S. homes with mortgages are either in foreclosure or the loans are at least 30 days past due – about $1 trillion in value. "This is an epic problem the economy hasn't even begun to digest," said Florida foreclosure analyst Lisa Epstein.
In some cases, mortgages that were supposed to die off in a refinancing are popping back up, while in others, the loans were paid in full. Homeowners who pay off their houses through bankruptcy programs are also falling prey. So are homeowners who never had a mortgage to begin with.
omeowners say the banks' repo men sometimes show up at work. Banks also hector them with threatening letters and phone calls. "It scared the hell out of him," said a Houston lawyer whose client was targeted. "He was absolutely spooked," lawyer Barry Brown said.
Sued for Foreclosure on a House She Didn’t Own
So was Shantell Curtis of Utah. She showed up at her accountant's office last year only to learn that she had been sued for foreclosure on a house she had sold years before. Bank of America reported the delinquency to credit bureaus, tarring Curtis's credit. It turned out the entire saga stemmed from a bank coding error. The amount the bank falsely alleged Curtis still owed on her mortgage? One dollar.
Vietnam vet Dwight Gaines fell behind on his payments on his Birmingham, Alabama, home. Gaines paid off his entire mortgage, plus all the fees and expenses he owed the bank in March 2010, as a part of a Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan. But Bank of America kept sending Gaines notices that he still owed $6,842.37. Nearly two years later, Gaines is still fighting in court. "In my experience, if I had not sued Bank of America, they would have placed Mr. Gaines in foreclosure although he had completely paid his mortgage," said Gaines' lawyer, Wesley Phillips.
Bank of America spokeswoman Jumana Bauwens said the bank is working to resolve the Gaines situation. She also said that "these situations pre-date a review of our foreclosure procedures which took place in the fall of 2010. At the time, we identified areas of our process that needed to be improved, and we have been making those improvements."
The reincarnating mortgage is only the latest development in the megabanks' mortgage debacle, a scandal that has made them the target of a mounting pile of investigations and lawsuits. Though a settlement with most of the U.S. attorneys general may be imminent, a rogue group of AGs has peeled off to launch their own investigations. One of those AGs, New York's Eric Schneiderman, is a part of the U.S. Justice Department task force announced by President Obama in his State of the Union address on Tuesday night.
Up until Obama's announcement, the federal government's response to the alleged financial misconduct was in the form of an independent review of the banks overseen by the federal Office of the Comptroller of Currency. But critics have labeled the OCC review as a farce rife with conflicts of interest. The OCC spokesman, Bryan Hubbard, disputed that, saying the OCC has gone to great lengths to ensure the independent consultants hired by the banks to review their procedures would report to regulators, not the banks. "During the selection process of the independent consultants and law firms, regulators rejected some proposed consultants and law firms to prevent conflicts of interest," said Hubbard.
“Once the system has marked you as delinquent, there's this massive machinery that takes over. There are people whose lives are destroyed."
Such reviews are supposed to gather information from homeowners like Jennifer Wilson, a former nursery school teacher from Philadelphia. Wilson settled a wrongful foreclosure case with Wells Fargo in June 2010. That month, court records show, Wells Fargo filed a satisfaction of mortgage document noting that the $8,000 loan on Wilson's home had been paid in full. But more than a year later, on December 8, 2011, Wilson, who is disabled and lives below the federal poverty line, answered her door to see a process servicer brandishing foreclosure warning papers from Wells Fargo. The bank's letter warned Wilson that she owed 57 months of late payments, plus expenses, totaling $18,407.55. If she did not pay within 30 days, the bank said, it would sue for foreclosure.
"I thought I'd been punked," said Wilson. A day later, a different process server from a different company showed up on Wilson's door and handed over the same papers Wilson had received the day before. Said Wilson’s lawyer, Jennifer Schultz, "We see a lot of cases like this, where they are trying to collect even though there is no mortgage. Once the system has marked you as delinquent, there's this massive machinery that takes over. There are people whose lives are destroyed."
"We are working with her to resolve this matter as quickly as we can," Wells Fargo spokesman Jim Hines said.
Some critics cite a pattern of systemic wrongdoing. That is one allegation lobbed in a December lawsuit against the banks brought by Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley, who is among the handful of attorneys general that split off from the broader AG settlement group.
A Tale of Housing Woe
For the Bowers of Topeka, it all started in July 2009, when they refinanced their home with Wells Fargo. As is standard in a refinance, the couple used the proceeds from their new loan to pay off their old loan, with Security National Mortgage Company.
On July 6, 2009, Wells Fargo sent the Bowers a letter with a header in all caps at the top that stated: "CONFIRMATION OF LOAN PAYOFF." The letter opened by saying: "Congratulations! We are pleased to inform you that we have processed the funds necessary to pay your loan in full." At the same time, Wells Fargo also sent a certificate of satisfaction to the Bowers local recorder of deeds in Shawnee County, Kansas. That notice certified that the Bowers' old loan of $184,222.00 had been paid off.
As the Bowers had hoped, their interest rate dropped from 7 percent on the old loan to 4.875 percent on the new one. The couple say they paid their new mortgage early each month. But what the Bowers didn't know is that, five months later, the banks' private mortgage recording service filed an "Erroneous Release of Mortgage" document on the Bowers' loan with the Shawnee County Recorder's Office. The filing stated that the Bowers' first mortgage "has not been fully paid, nor satisfied, nor discharged, but, instead, continues to exist."
The FHA, in a letter filed in court papers and dated October 19, 2010, told her that the loan Wells Fargo was trying to collect on did not exist.
The document was signed by a robosigner, the Bowers' attorney alleges. One month later, the Bowers noticed that the loan number and interest rate on their mortgage statement had mysteriously changed. Wells Fargo was now charging them the old 7 percent rate - and it hit them with more than $3,000 in late fees. Thus began the family's descent into their mortgage ordeal. Sheila Bowers says she called Wells Fargo over and over and finally learned that the bank was now alleging that the couple's refinance never went through, and so the bank was reverting to the terms of the original mortgage. To Wells Fargo, it was as if the refinance had never occurred. Yet Wells Fargo then reported two mortgages to the credit bureaus. That lowered the couple's credit score; they couldn't obtain their son's new student loans. "We only ever got one bill," said Sheila Bowers. "But they kept telling us we had two mortgages."
The Bowers couldn't find a lawyer to take their case, especially since they could pay so little. But through friends, they knew an owner of a Topeka mortgage brokerage company who was also an attorney: Donna Huffman. It turned out Huffman was defending just such cases. "I'm a lender suing lenders," said Huffman. She sued, alleging that the bank was making the Bowers pay for its mistake. Wells Fargo response, in court papers, was that the Bowers failed to sign all the paperwork necessary for the refinance to go through. But the Bowers say they signed every document that the bank gave them. The bank also says in court papers that the Bowers never attended a closing. But the Bowers say the bank never told them they needed to do so.
What made the story even more strange to the Bowers is that when Sheila Bowers called the Federal Housing Administration to get help, the FHA, in a letter filed in court papers and dated October 19, 2010, told her that the loan Wells Fargo was trying to collect on did not exist. Instead, the FHA said it had documentation showing the Bowers' original loan "was terminated on July 1, 2009, by prepayment," suggesting that Wells Fargo did pay it off. As far as the FHA was concerned, the loan that Wells Fargo was enforcing didn't exist.
Despite the misunderstanding, the Bowers continued to send in their mortgage payment to Wells Fargo, with the amount for the new, refinanced loan, every month. They hoped the entire ordeal would get cleared up. But in November 2010, Wells Fargo rejected the Bowers payment and sent it back. The next month, the bank foreclosed. The family then stopped sending in payments. They continue to live in limbo in their house as they fight for resolution.
Wells Fargo spokesman Jim Hines said: "The allegations, we feel, are baseless. We feel we are entitled to protect our lien interest because the promissory note has never been paid and the note and the (original) mortgage are in default."
To this day, the Bowers say they have no idea where all the mortgage payments they sent in after they got their new loan went. "Nobody seems to know," said Sheila Bowers. "It's a mystery."
